Gender and intercutural approches to development / Enfoque de género e interculturalidad al desarrollo en regiones cocaleras del Perú.

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Desarrollo alternativo integral y sostenible con enfoque de género e interculturalidad en regiones cocaleras del Perú.

DevPoles contribuye a fortalecer el enfoque de género y de interculturalidad en la política pública para luchar contra las drogas en Perú, desde su componente de desarrollo alternativo, promoviendo políticas y guías para disminuir las brechas de género y actividades económicas sostenibles con inclusión social.

 

Comprehensive & sustainable alternative development based on a gender and intercultural approach in coca-producing regions of Peru.

DevPoles helps strengthen the gender and intercultural approach in public policy to fight against drugs in Peru, from its alternative development aspect, promoting policies and guidelines to reduce gender gaps and sustainable economic activities by means of social inclusion.

Mujermostrandocacao

Contexto

La Estrategia Nacional de Lucha contra las Drogas 2017 – 2021 se enmarca en los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible y contempla la combinación de diversos enfoques entre los que se destacan el enfoque de género y de interculturalidad. La Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo y Vida sin Drogas (DEVIDA) tiene, por tanto, el mandato de implementar la perspectiva de género e interculturalidad en los programas y políticas en materia de drogas. Con el apoyo de DevPoles se elabora un diagnóstico que facilita la comprensión de las brechas existentes y se proponen acciones para una planificación y monitoreo sensible al género y culturalmente pertinente.

El diagnóstico pone de manifiesto las brechas que reflejan las desigualdades de género en el ámbito rural. Si bien las mujeres en las zonas de influencia del narcotráfico constituyen entre el 40 y el 70% de la mano de obra[1] , casi el 70% de este trabajo no está remunerado[2]. Otra de las brechas destacables es la educativa: el 55% de las mujeres no tienen o tienen niveles educativos muy bajos. En cuanto a su representatividad en organizaciones sociales y económicas, se observa una brecha relevante de la participación de mujeres en asociaciones o cooperativas en las zonas de influencia cocalera[3].

 

Aportes al enfoque de género

El enfoque de género se garantiza asegurando la participación de las mujeres en todas las etapas de las medidas adoptadas desde su elaboración, ejecución, seguimiento y hasta su evaluación. Para ello, DEVIDA debe formular y difundir medidas que tengan en cuenta las necesidades específicas de las mujeres y las niñas en relación con el problema de las drogas.

Como recomendaciones del estudio desarrollado con el apoyo de DevPoles, se identifica la necesidad de fortalecer los programas sociales que atiendan estrategias de corresponsabilidad del cuidado y otros sectores clave para las mujeres en las zonas de influencia cocalera como salud, educación y vivienda, con énfasis en la atención y prevención de la violencia por razón de género. Esto es consecuencia de las brechas sociales que facultan a los hombres a migrar para diversificar sus ingresos, mientras que las mujeres, más unidas al trabajo doméstico, no tienen otra opción que depender directamente de la producción de café y cacao, como productos insignia de cultivos alternativos a la coca.

DEVIDA debe seguir fortaleciendo las experiencias que generen valor agregado, promoviendo las iniciativas de producción de café y derivados del cacao producidos por comités de mujeres en asociaciones comunitarias. La guía elaborada con el apoyo de DevPoles destaca la necesidad de apoyar estos procesos y el valor de mercado para mejorar la calidad artesanal.

 

Reconocimiento especial a la diversidad cultural

La Estrategia Nacional de Lucha contra las Drogas 2017 – 2021 reconoce asimismo la diversidad cultural que se expresa en la existencia de diversas perspectivas y visiones de los pueblos, con el objetivo de tener un acercamiento a su problemática y diseñar e implementar intervenciones que garanticen el sentido de igualdad social y el fortalecimiento de una identidad nacional. La aplicación de un enfoque de interculturalidad en las políticas y programas de DEVIDA debe permitir identificar, promover y usar los recursos sociales, políticos, económicos y ambientales que tienen los pueblos para su propio desarrollo y para aportar al bienestar colectivo y social.

Según el diagnóstico promovido por DevPoles, se estima que un porcentaje de los cultivos ilícitos en Perú, se encuentran en reservas indígenas. El cultivo de hojas de coca es parte de la herencia cultural de la mayoría de los indígenas de Perú. Sin embargo, en muchas áreas, los cultivos ilícitos no son plantados en su mayoría por las comunidades indígenas sino por colonos que entran en sus territorios, provocando la erosión de las tierras y el desabastecimiento de recursos forestales para la caza y recolección de alimentos, alterando la economía y el sistema de autoridad política tradicionales. Esto ha conllevado una serie de problemas para el autoabastecimiento de una dieta diversificada que deriva en altas tasas de desnutrición infantil y potencia la vulnerabilidad de estas poblaciones al cultivo ilícito como mecanismo de generación de ingresos para resolver el abastecimiento de alimentos. En este contexto, los servicios públicos con pertinencia cultural en las zonas de influencia de la actividad ilícita deben ser promovidos por el Estado, promoviendo sus prácticas culturales comunitarias para el aprovechamiento de los recursos que involucra áreas de conservación y áreas productivas agrarias.

 

Propuestas oridentadas a la reducción de las brechas.

El estudio elaborado con el apoyo de DevPoles identifica una serie de indicadores con enfoque de género y pertinencia cultural que permiten valorar y medir los progresos realizados durante la ejecución de la Estrategia Nacional de Lucha contra las Drogas 2017 – 2021.

En relación a verificar la implementación de medidas con enfoque de género es imprescindible, por ejemplo, analizar el porcentaje mínimo de beneficiarias de los proyectos de desarrollo de cultivos alternativos, el porcentaje de contratación de extensionistas mujeres en los modelos operativos, la certificación de mujeres productoras o inversión en infraestructura pequeña para afinar el proceso de derivados del café y cacao dirigido a asociaciones/cooperativas de mujeres.

Con respecto a validar las acciones que atienden las brechas culturales, el estudio plantea definir los instrumentos de comunicación y difusión de convocatorias para certificación productiva con pertinencia cultural. Además, deben corroborarse mecanismos de participación para todos los grupos culturales y si son pertinentes para lograr una distribución de la responsabilidad y competencia en la toma de decisiones. 

 


[1]  Comisión Interamericana para el control del abuso de drogas (CICAD), La lucha contra las drogas en Perú. Enfoque de Género. Urgencia de un afronte específico (2012).

[2] Encuesta Nacional del Uso del Tiempo 2010, Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática.

[3] Cifras publicadas por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática con datos del IV Censo Nacional Agropecuario, 2012.

 

Context

The National Strategy to Fight against Drugs 2017 – 2021, within the Sustainable Development Goals, considers combining different approaches, including the gender and intercultural approach. The National Commission for Development and Life without Drugs (known by the Spanish acronym DEVIDA) has been commissioned to implement the gender and intercultural perspective throughout all its programs and development policies. Supported by DevPoles, an assessment took place to facilitate understanding of existing gaps and propose gender-sensitive and culturally relevant planning and monitoring across the entire project cycle.

The assessment revealed gaps reflecting gender inequalities in rural areas. Although women in drug-producing areas constitute between 40 and 70% of the labor forcee[1], almost 70% of their work is unpaid[2]. Another significant gap is education: 55% of women lack or have very low levels of education. Regarding their representation in social and economic organizations, there is an important gap concerning female participation within associations or cooperatives in coca-growing areas[3].

 

Gender approach and contributions

The gender approach should be guaranteed through participation from women in all phases of DEVIDA's project cycle, i.e. from project identification to project evaluation. In this sense, DEVIDA must formulate and disseminate measures considering specific needs of women and girls in the fight against drugs and drug trafficking.

Based on this study, DevPoles experts made several recommendations including the need to strengthen social programs in coca-growing areas and their immediate zones of influence. This entails support in healthcare, education and housing, focusing on accountability as well as protection and prevention of gender-based violence. This approach is based on the fact that social and cultural structures empower men to migrate in order to diversify their income, while women, more closely linked to household work, have little choice other than to devote their time to the production of alternative crops to coca, such as coffee or cocoa.

DEVIDA must continue to strengthen experiences that generate added value, promoting initiatives for women to produce coffee and cocoa by-products in community associations. The guide, drawn up with support from DevPoles, highlights the need to support these processes and improve crop quality to increase produce value.

 

Special recognition to cultural diversity

The National Strategy to Fight against Drugs 2017 – 2021 also recognizes cultural diversity based on diverse perspectives and each native people’s outlook, with the aim of approaching their problems throughout the entire project cycle, thus guaranteeing social equality and strengthening native identities and cultural heritage. Therefore, including an intercultural approach in DEVIDA's policies and programs should help identify, promote and use social, political, economic and environmental resources to contribute toward collective and social well-being.

According to the assessment conducted by DevPoles, it is estimated that a considerable percentage of illicit crops in Peru are located on indigenous reserves. Cultivating coca leaves is part of the cultural heritage for most of Peru’s indigenous peoples. However, in many areas, most illicit crops are not planted by indigenous communities, but by settlers who enter their territories, causing land erosion, soil and water pollution, shortages of forest resources for hunting and gathering, thus affecting the local economy and, with it, the traditional system of political authority. This brings about a series of problems for self-sufficiency of a diversified diet that leads to high rates of child malnutrition and magnifies adverse impacts on these communities propelling them to illicit coca crop cultivation as a mechanism for generating fast and higher income. In this context, public services with cultural relevance in the areas of influence of illicit activity must be promoted by the State of Peru, supporting local cultural practices for the use of resources that involve conservation areas and agricultural production areas.

 

Focus on reducing evidence-based gaps

The study, drawn up with support from DevPoles, also identifies a series of gender and culturally relevant indicators that help us assess and measure the progress made when implementing the National Strategy to Fight Against Drugs.

Concerning the application of gender approach measures, it is essential, for example, to analyze the minimum percentage of beneficiaries of alternative crop development projects, the percentage of hiring female extension agents in operational models, the number of women certificated as producers or investment in small infrastructures to refine the process of coffee and cocoa by-products aimed at women's associations / cooperatives.

Regarding actions to address cultural gaps, the study proposes defining the instruments for communication and circulation of calls for certified products with cultural relevance. In addition, participation mechanisms for all cultural groups must be reviewed in order to achieve a balanced distribution of responsibilities and competence in decision-making processes.

 


[1] The Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD), La lucha contra las drogas en Perú. Enfoque de Género. Urgencia de un afronte específico (2012). 

[2] National Survey on the Use of Time 2010, National Institute of Statistics and Informatics.

[3] Figures published by the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics with data from the IV National Agricultural Census, 2012.

Implementación exitosa - COMJUSPAZ

DevPoles capacita a más de 800 personas, entre miembros de la sociedad civil, jueces de paz, autoridades locales, y cuerpos del Estado panameño, implementando exitosamente el mandato comisionado por el PNUD.

 

El impacto de la consultoría implementadas por DevPoles ha superado todas las expectativas iniciales. El impacto medible sobre el conocimiento que ha tenido la batería de talleres de capacitación y sensibilización realizadas a lo largo y ancho del territorio nacional ha sido significativo. Según las encuestas-test de entrada y salida administradas para poder evaluar de manera científica la variación este rubro en cada uno de los beneficiarios, muestra que la variación en el conocimiento ha aumentado en un 77% con respecto a la línea de base del pensum diseñado. Las encuestas-test fueron evaluadas por los tres abogados idóneos contratados por DevPoles para impartir y liderar cada uno de los talleres.

Habiendo cumplido a cabalidad la cobertura geográfica, los impactos sobre agentes de sociedad civil fueron muy superiores a lo inicialmente esperado. De una expectativa por parte del PNUD de de 30 a 40 participantes por taller, esta se superó en promedio en un 70%. Ello resultó en un total de 848 personas de sociedad civil capacitadas y sensibilizadas sobre la jurisdicción comunitaria de paz regulada bajo la ley 16.

Impacto territorial y cobertura nacional

La cobertura territorial programada junto a la Dirección de Resolución Alterna de Conflictos del Ministerio de Gobierno fue de 50 distritos distribuidos en 10 provincias (todas) y en 3 comarcas (Emberá-Wounaan, Ngäbé-Buglé y Guna Yala -Puerto Obaldía). Con ello el equipo de especialistas de DevPoles, cubrieron todas las provincias y comarcas programadas, con una tasa de éxito del 116% en este rubro.

Higher education impacts in LA

Sharing impacts of higher education in Latin America under ALFA III.

DevPoles carried out an impact evaluation study on the ALFA III Programme for the European Commission. ALFA III was a European Union (EU) financed project promoting Higher Education development in Latin America as a means to stimulate more balanced and equitable social and economic development in the Region, thus being conducive to social cohesion. A total of 51 projects were financed during 2007 and 2013, with a mean contribution per project of €1.5 M, totaling €61.4 M in investment, and involving 418 Higher Education institutions from both sides of the Atlantic, 297 from Latin America and 121 from the EU. The evaluation team was able to interview 147 partners and 31 coordinators from all 418 institutions that took part in the respective projects.

Relevance

ALFA III addressed some of the key Higher Education issues in LA, including: (i) little convergence and integration of curricula; (ii) fragmentation and disintegration of spaces without accomplishing integration processes; (iii) institutional divergence, where large and traditional universities coexist with very small institutions; (iv) inequalities in the attention paid to the different population groups, quality and relevance of the education offered, teacher training levels, and use of information and communication technologies. Projects financed by ALFA III were highly relevant for the following reasons: (i) they granted socially and economically vulnerable groups access to Higher Education in LA; (ii) they encouraged participation from large and small universities, both public and private, in all countries in the region, regardless of organization development levels; (iii) they prioritized LA-LA (South-South Cooperation) and LA-EU interaction; (iv) includes crossover issues such as gender, environment and differently abled people.

Efficiency

The ALFA III Program demonstrated high efficiency rates. Projects were managed within set schedules, the use of funds reached 89% of disbursement ratios and attained 95% of the envisaged products. Participating universities now have better knowledge of the environment, new tools for updating curriculum, repositories, new and more accessible online courses, manuals and modernized administrative structures.

Effectiveness

Improvements to access and continuity for less advantaged strata of society in Higher Education Institutions have been backed up by developing instruments to improve quality, access and relevance of curricula, creating virtual and accessible courses, direct work in disadvantaged areas, watching over disadvantaged or vulnerable groups and the poorest countries in the region, and incorporating affirmative measures such as university policies and practices. Optimization of the link between the labor market and the business and public world, by diagnosing the needs of the labor market, increasing ties between University and business by setting up liaison offices and determining curricula aligned to market needs, leading to higher rates of student employability. Tasks focused on improving curricular convergence at regional level, through developing credit recognition models, determining standard curricula in various specialties, quality control, increased recognition of degrees, building a framework of qualifications and enhancing academic mobility. Common practices were promoted at regional level to assess quality, accreditation and academic credits, by designing several models to improve the quality of higher education institutions in LA. Support was given to developing measures at regional level to promote equal access to higher education and social integration of disadvantaged groups by setting up gender offices in universities, opening liaison offices and designing Be indicators measuring application of the third mission in the Universities.

Impact

The program was designed with ambitious goals. Important contributions from the Program in favor of the HEIs in LA are recognized with respect to: (i) increased cooperation links between the Universities in LA, which had seemed weak before ALFA III. Small universities in the region now have important links with major universities in Latin America; (ii) introduction of concepts, policies and tools to care for vulnerable groups, made visible and in many cases incorporated as an institutional policy; (iii) reaction of branch offices to the environment, unusual before ALFA III; (iv) a more rigorous look at market needs regarding human resource training, moving from a target-based curriculum to focus on skills acquisition and the student; (v) greater internalization of Universities thanks to the network effort promoted by ALFA III and to setting up internationalization offices within HEIs; (vi) dynamization of efforts to create a common Higher Education area in the region, efforts that have reached the sub-regional level and which are starting to show some results. The ALFA III Project helped to improve accessibility in two areas: (i) firstly by studying the obstacles faced by disadvantaged populations to access higher education, in unequal conditions, limited by personal or geographic physical aspects, and (ii) tools that make it easier for populations in these conditions to access HE. Some examples are linking offices, development of virtual education with accessibility, promotion of scholarships in the university system for disadvantaged groups, plus promotion of affirmative measures for the female, indigenous or Afro-descendant population to increase their presence and continuity levels.

Sustainability

Results under ALFA III outlived its financing phase and are used by project partners in many cases. The crossover aspects of gender and environment have been considered and kept within the institutional culture of the partners. The degrees of appropriation vary from partner to partner. Operation of Networks set up to run the Projects has not had the expected effect, marred on the one hand by legal aspects and, on the other, by the lack of availability of financial resources. It should be noted that the performance of networks built in LA is better than performance from networks that were built in Europe.

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